The Nucleolus

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What is the function of the nucleolus?

It builds ribosomes

The Cell

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The cell is one of the most basic units of life.  There are millions of different types of cells.  There are cells that are organisms onto themselves, such as microscopic amoeba and bacteria cells.  And there are cells that only function when part of a larger organism, such as the cells that make up your body.  The cell is the smallest unit of life in our bodies.  In the body, there are brain cells, skin cells, liver cells, stomach cells, and the list goes on.  All of these cells have unique functions and features.  And all have some recognizable similarities.  All cells have a 'skin', called the plasma membrane, protecting it from the outside environment.  The cell membrane regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell.  Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the cell.  At the center of the cell is the cell nucleus.  The cell nucleus contains the cell's DNA, the genetic code that coordinates protein synthesis.  In addition to the nucleus, there are many organelles inside of the cell - small structures that help carry out the day-to-day operations of the cell.  One important cellular organelle is the ribosome.  Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis.  The transcription phase of protein synthesis takes places in the cell nucleus.  After this step is complete, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the cell's ribosomes, where translation occurs.  Another important cellular organelle is the mitochondrion.  Mitochondria (many mitochondrion) are often referred to as the power plants of the cell because many of the reactions that produce energy take place in mitochondria.  Also important in the life of a cell are the lysosomes.  Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of nutrient molecules and other materials.  Below is a labelled diagram of a cell to help you identify some of these structures.

Rybosome

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Ribosomes Function
In a cell, ribosomes are located in two regions of the cytoplasm. Some ribosomes are found scattered in the cytoplasm (referred to as free ribosomes), while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (bound ribosomes). Accordingly, endoplasmic reticulum which membranes are bound with ribosomes are called rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Both the free ribosomes and bound ribosomes have similar structure and are responsible for production of proteins.
Speaking about the main functions of ribosomes, they play the role of assembling amino acids to form specific proteins, which in turn are essential for carrying out the cell's activities. As we all have a fair idea regarding production of proteins, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) first produces RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) by the process of DNA transcription, after which genetic message from the mRNA is translated into proteins during DNA translation.
To be more precise about protein synthesis by ribosomes, the sequence for assembling amino acids for protein synthesis are specified in the mRNA. The mRNA synthesized in the nucleus is then transported to the cytoplasm for further continuation of protein synthesis. In the cytoplasm, the two subunits of ribosomes bind around the mRNA polymers and synthesize proteins with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA), as per the genetic code. This whole process of protein synthesis is also referred to as central dogma.

Nucleus

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What is the Nucleus function?

The nucleus regulates all cell activity. It does this by controlling the enzymes present. The chromatin is composed of DNA. DNA contains the information for the production of proteins. This information is encoded in the 4 DNA bases. Adenine, thymine, cytocine, and guanine. The specific sequence of these bases tells the cell what order to put the amino acids.
There are three processes that enable the cell to manufacture protein:
Replication allows the nucleus to make exact copies of its DNA
Transcription allows the cell to make RNA working copies of its DNA
In translation the Messenger RNA is used to line up amino acids into a protein molecule

Mitochondria

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What are Lysosomes Functions?

One needs to understand that at the cellular level, lysosomes are a cell's first line of defense. These organelles act as the disposal system of the cell. These organelles are responsible for digesting the macromolecules that pose a threat to the cell by phagocytosis. Phagocytosis process consists of ingesting dying cells, useless and unwanted foreign bodies and organelle remnants that may be present in the cytosol. However, phagocytosis is only one of the ways by which these organelles get rid of unwanted matter in the cell. The other methods that are employed for getting rid of intracellular debris includes endocytosis, wherein there are protein receptors involved which are recycled from the cell surface and autophagy, wherein old, worn out organelles reach the lysosome for destruction.

An interesting characteristic of lysosomes function is autophagy. This is because, autophagy may even lead to autophagic cell death, which is a catabolic process that involves degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery. Thus, there is programmed cell death, or autolysis. So in such cases, the cell is digesting itself. This is the reason why lysosomes are frequently nicknamed 'suicide-bags' or 'suicide-sacs', due to their role in autolysis. Another lysosomes function includes helping in repairing a damaged plasma membrane by serving as a membrane patch, and thus, sealing the wound.

Lysosome

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What are Lysosomes Functions?

One needs to understand that at the cellular level, lysosomes are a cell's first line of defense. These organelles act as the disposal system of the cell. These organelles are responsible for digesting the macromolecules that pose a threat to the cell by phagocytosis. Phagocytosis process consists of ingesting dying cells, useless and unwanted foreign bodies and organelle remnants that may be present in the cytosol. However, phagocytosis is only one of the ways by which these organelles get rid of unwanted matter in the cell. The other methods that are employed for getting rid of intracellular debris includes endocytosis, wherein there are protein receptors involved which are recycled from the cell surface and autophagy, wherein old, worn out organelles reach the lysosome for destruction.

An interesting characteristic of lysosomes function is autophagy. This is because, autophagy may even lead to autophagic cell death, which is a catabolic process that involves degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery. Thus, there is programmed cell death, or autolysis. So in such cases, the cell is digesting itself. This is the reason why lysosomes are frequently nicknamed 'suicide-bags' or 'suicide-sacs', due to their role in autolysis. Another lysosomes function includes helping in repairing a damaged plasma membrane by serving as a membrane patch, and thus, sealing the wound.

Golgi Apparatus

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The Golgi apparatus is considered more or less the "postal office" of the cell. It handles all incoming lipids, proteins, etc., and controls their export as well.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
 

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is repsonible for the production of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles. The ER contains a great amount of folds - but the membrane forms a single sheet enclosing a single closed sac. This internal space is called the ER lumen. The ER is additionally responsible for moving proteins and other carbohydrates to the Golgi apparatus, to the plasma membrane, to the lysosomes, or wherever else needed.

There are two types of ER - rough, which is coated with ribosomes, and smooth, which isn't. Rough ER is the site of protein synthesis. The smooth ER is where the vesicles carrying newly synthesized proteins (from the rough ER) are budded off.

Centriole

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What is the Function of the Centriole?

Centriole plays a crucial role at the time of cell division. At the time of cell division, centrioles replicate to form two centrosomes, each with two centrioles. The two centrosomes then move in the opposite direction towards the opposite ends of the nucleus. From each centrosome, some thread like microtubules appear, which are known as spindle or mitotic spindle. During cell division, the single parent cell divides itself into two daughter cells, and the spindle is responsible for separating or pulling the replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells. So, centrioles helps in the organization of the mitotic spindle, as well as the completion of cytokinesis.

Centrioles as a part of centrosome also play a significant role in cellular organization, especially in organizing the microtubules in the cytoplasm and the spatial arrangement of the cell. Even the position of the nucleus is determined by the position of the centrioles. The mother centriole (the original or older centriole, from which a new centriole develops during cell division) determines the position of cilia and flagella in the organisms with these organelles. In fact, the mother centriole become the basal body in these organisms. A failure of the cell to make functional cilia and flagella with the help of centrioles has been found to be associated with several developmental and genetic diseases. Another important fact about centriole functions is that during mammalian development, proper orientation of cilia via centriole positioning toward the posterior of embryonic node cells is considered as quite crucial for the establishment of left-right asymmetry. Know more about the
•Cell Division Stages
•Cell Nucleus: Structure and Functions
•Structure and Functions of the Cytoplasm